International Conference and Exhibition on Mesoscopic and Condensed Matter Physics June 22-24, 2015 Boston, USA

We devote a particular attention to the role played by the repulsive interaction in order to determine a various quantities of the Bose gas in a harmonic trap, for example the chemical potential of condensed atoms, the chemical potential of non-condensed atoms, the anomalous fraction and the heat specific capacity at finite temperature as function as the number of atoms. We also calculate their behavior in Thomas Fermi approximation, where the thermal cloud is not negligible. We compare our results with literature and experience, we find a good agreement.

In this paper, Einstein derived ∆L=∆mc2 (light energy –mass equation), it is not completely studied; and is only valid under special conditions of involved parameters, e.g. number of light waves, magnitude of light energy, angles at which waves are emitted and relative velocity v. Einstein considered just two light waves of equal energy, emitted in opposite directions and velocity v is uniform. There are numerous possibilities of parameters which are not considered in Einstein’s derivation. ∆E=∆mc2 is obtained from ∆L=∆mc2 by simply replacing L by E (every energy) without derivation. Fadner pointed out that Einstein neither mentioned E or ∆E=∆mc2, in the derivation which is absolutely correct. Here results are critically analyzed taking all possible variables into account. Under some conditions of valid parameters ∆L=∆mc2 is not obtained, e.g. sometimes result is Ma =Mb or no equation is derivable. If all values of valid parameters are taken into account, then the same derivation also gives L α ∆mc2 or L =A ∆mc2, where A is the coefficient of proportionality. Thus Einstein’s derivation under the valid parameters also predicts that energy emitted may be less or more than ∆L=∆mc2.

Gyanesh Kumar has completed his BSc in Physics (Hons.) from B.N.M.U. Madhepura, Bihar (India); Dip.Mass Communication from Annamalai University Chidambram (Tamilnadu) India. He has too awarded in one year certificate Degree in Computer Application (DCA) from Sterlite Foundation; He has also got the enrollment in the Master in Conservation course from National Museum Institutes, Delhi, as having dexterity in the field of diversified discipline; Since last five years, he has been been working as a Freelance writer, he has published more than 500 papers through articles, research papers, scientific reviews, economic & market reviews, educational, career & political based articles for various software IT company portals & educational portals; which is located in India.

It is universally known; that matter exists mainly three coherent states ; which namely as -solid, liquid & gaseous state of matter; these, namely three states of matter cosmologically exist in our universe; which is universally getable in nature; either in partial or substantial proportion; these various states of matter; which is cosmologically occurred in forms of Solid, Liquid, Gas, Plasma, and Condensed state; it is homogeneously as well heterogeneously; uniformly as well non-uniformly, universally obtainable in various forms of state of matters; It is in order to understand empirical as well arbitrarily coherent status of discussing the condensed state of matter; it is implacably needed to understand the very sub atomically coherent structure of condensed state; it is too needed to understand the process of condensation; Condensation is the change of the physical state of matter from gaseous phase into liquid phase, and it is by phenomenon too known as the reverse of vaporization; it can also be defined as the change in the state of water vapor to liquid water; when come in contact with any surface. When this very transitional shift occurs from the gaseous phase into the solid phase directly, then the process of orderly change is called a Deposition. It is the condensed matters of physics; which deals with such physical state of concerned matter that are literally exist in excessively softer and squishy state: Which is significantly occurred in physically coherent states at subatomic level between solid to gaseous state; like as--Colloids, Emulsions, Membranes, Polymers, Liquid crystals etc. now-a-days, these condensed forms of materials are very common in nature, It is the order of naturally specific phenomenon of state of matter, which helps to explore the specific state of matter in newly state of dimension. This is known as “Condensed state of matter”. It plays a huge role in the industry and emerging technology, as well it is considered as the basis of many biological systems. Soft condensed matter is an old sub-field, but also a fast-growing one owing to recent advances in sample-preparation and measurement techniques, new technological applications, and new problems of biology and statistical physics. The goal of this course is to provide an overview of the theoretical underpinnings of soft condensed matter physics. We focus on four classes of materials: - Which is namely occurring in state of Polymers, Membranes, Droplets, and Colloids; the sequence of topics moves in order of 1, 2 and 3-dimensions. The domain of Condensed matter of Physics, although emerging realm, but it is due to industrially specific significance, its implication in process of refrigeration, study the specific state of matter existing in form of Polymers, Membranes, Droplets, Colloids etc.; as well its orderly study in order to explore the diverse realm of Condensed state of matter is explanatory as well articulatory studied under this specific branch of Physics.

As a research object it has been taken SiO2 with 160m2/gr specific surface area, 20nm particle size and 99,5% purity. Nano SiO2 has been irradiated at full power mode (250 kW) by neutron flux with 2x1013 n/cm2s flux density in central channel (channel A1) at TRIGA Mark II light water pool type research reactor in “Reactor Centre” of Jozef Stefan Institute in the Slovenia. It is important to note that the JSI TRIGA reactor has been thoroughly characterized [4-8] and the computational model used for computational characterization has been thoroughly verified and validated against several experiments. While working at full power mode, the neutron flux has the following composition parts: 5.107x1012 n/cm2s (1±0.0008, En < 625eV) for thermal neutrons, for epithermal neutrons – as 6.502x1012 n/cm2s (1±0.0008, En ~ 625eV ÷ 0.1MeV), for fast neutrons - 7.585x1012 n/cm2s (1±0.0007, En > 0.1 MeV) and finally for all the neutrons in central channel flux density is as 1.920x1013 n/cm2sec (1±0.0005). Electric parameters of initial and neutron-irradiated nano SiO2 have been measured in “Novocontrol Alpha High Resolution Dielectric Analyzer” device at 0,09Hz – 2,3MHz range of frequency and 100K – 400K temperature range in the laboratory of “Condensed Matter Physics F5” of JSI. In the result of the conducted researches it has been revealed that under neutron flux influence extra “charges” are generated inside nano SiO2 samples. The generated “charges” lead to an increase in polarization in the sample. So it increases the numerical value of real and imaginary parts of dielectric constant in proportion to irradiation. In general tendency specific charges and the ones generated with the influence of neutron flux are polarized more actively under temperature influence. As a result, real and imaginary parts of dielectric constant increase with temperature increase within about 100-300K range. At about 300-400K temperature range some “charges” generated under the influence of neutron flux are lost due to temperature effect and polarization reduces. The effects occurred under temperature influence are observed more obviously at low frequencies. Destruction of the charges with different barrier energy existing in the system due to frequency influence, lead to a decrease in numerical value of real and imaginary parts of dielectric constant.

Turan Taşköprü currently works as research assistant in physics department, Anadolu University, Turkey since 2009. His studies focused on inorganic film deposition and characterization techniques. He has published several papers regarding to the inorganic film deposition and characterization.

Electrochromic nickel oxide films were deposited onto fluorine-doped tin oxide coated glass substrates by using spray pyrolysis method. The effect of substrate temperature on electrochromism were studied. Transparent NiO-films were obtained at substrate temperatures of 300, 375, 400 and 450oC. XRD studies reveal that all the films are polycrystalline with were face centered cubic structure and exhibit (1 1 1) and (2 2 2) preferential orientations. The electrochromic properties of the NiO films were studied in 0.3 M KOH aqueous alkaline electrolyte at a scan speed of 20 mV/s using cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry and UV spectrophotometry. Ex situ transmittance spectra showed optical contrast between colored and bleached states. Structural transformations during CV measurements were studied by field emission scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. For the film deposited at 300oC, current density values which continuously evolve with increasing number of cycles up to 100 which indicates loosening of the structure. Depending on the substrate temperaure, the amount intercalated and deintercalated charges during CV scan dropped. NiO films exhibit good reversibility between 0.7 and 0.9.

Esra ZeybekoÄŸlu is a PhD student and currently works as Research Assistant in Physics Department at Anadolu University, Turkey for four years. Her studies have focused on the production of the semiconducting films and the investigation of the structural optical and electrical properties of the samples using characterization techniques.

Co3O4 films have been deposited onto glass substrates by chemical bath deposition for different deposition time. The deposited films appear blackish. The thicknesses of the Co3O4 samples have been determined by ellipsometer measurements. The films have been examined to evaluate the structural and optical properties. X ray diffraction spectra have revealed that the films are polycrystalline with face-centered-cubic phase. The structural and surface morphological properties of the films were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX). The optical band gap values of the films were evaluated from the absorbance measurements in the wavelength range 190–3300 nm.

Hilal Rüzgar is doctorate student in physics department, Anadolu University, Turkey since 2011. Her studies have focused on production of semiconducting films and the investigation of the structural optical and electrical properties of the samples using characterization techniques.

CuO semiconductor films have been deposited onto glass substrates by chemical bath deposition method at 90oC bath temperature. CuO-deposited films were annealed at 200, 300 and 400oC for 1 hour in oxygen gas. X-ray diffraction spectra have revealed that the samples were polycrystalline with monoclinic phase. The optical band gap of the films was evaluated from the absorbance measurements in the wavelength range 300-2000 nm. CuO films have direct band gap with the band gap values varying between 1.57-1.62 eV. The optical transmittance values of films are changed between 10-55% in the visible region. The thicknesses of the CuO films have been determined to be about 540 nm by weighing method.

It is shown that the local field in metal spherical particles with a dielectric core in an external varying electric field has two maxima at two different frequencies. The second maximum becomes more important with an increment in the metal fraction. Due to the nonlinear dielectric function of the core, the composite of these inclusions may have two optically induced bistability domains at different frequencies. At rather high metal fraction, two bistability domains merge and form one entire bistability domain. The parameters of these domains are studied numerically. The paper focuses on the second bistability domain, which has not been discussed in the literature so far. This domain exists in a comparatively narrow frequency range and its onset fields are lower than those of the first bistability domain. The lowest bistability onset fields are obtained in the entire domain. This peculiarity of the optical induced bistability in the metal composite with small dielectric cores can be attractive for possible applications.